Paper/Photovoltaics

[논문해석] Cascaded DC–DC Converter Connection of Photovoltaic Modules

얼죽아여뜨샤 2023. 7. 8. 12:35

1. 논문 원문

Cascaded_DC-DC_converter_connection_of_photovoltaic_modules.pdf
0.55MB

+ 참고 논문

A study on the comparative analysis about the efficiency of the Cascaded DC-DC converter in photovoltaic system.pdf
0.48MB

 

2. 논문 분석

(0) Abstract

New residential scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays are commonly connected to the grid by a single dc–ac inverter con- nected to a series string of pv panels, or many small dc–ac inverters which connect one or two panels directly to the ac grid. This paper proposes an alternative topology of nonisolated per-panel dc–dc converters connected in series to create a high voltage string con- nected to a simplified dc–ac inverter. This offers the advantages of a “converter-per-panel” approach without the cost or efficiency penalties of individual dc–ac grid connected inverters.

 

Buck, boost, buck-boost, and Cúk converters are considered as possible dc–dc converters that can be cascaded. Matlab simulations are used to compare the efficiency of each topology as well as eval- uating the benefits of increasing cost and complexity. The buck and then boost converters are shown to be the most efficient topologies for a given cost, with the buck best suited for long strings and the boost for short strings. While flexible in voltage ranges, buck-boost, and Cúk converters are always at an efficiency or alternatively cost disadvantage.

 

신규 주거 규모의 태양광 (PV) 패널 배열은 일반적으로 직렬로 연결된 PV 패널 그룹에 단일 DC-AC 인버터 또는 AC 그리드에 직접 하나 또는 두 개의 패널을 연결하는 여러 개의 소형 DC-AC 인버터로 그리드에 연결됩니다. 본 논문은 비고립형 패널당 DC-DC 컨버터가 직렬로 연결되어 단순화된 DC-AC 인버터에 연결되는 대안적인 토폴로지를 제안합니다. 이는 개별 DC-AC 그리드 연결 인버터의 비용이나 효율성을 손해보지 않으면서 "패널당 컨버터" 접근법의 장점을 제공합니다.

버킹, 부스트, 버킷-부스트 및 크크 컨버터는 연속적으로 연결될 수 있는 가능한 DC-DC 컨버터로 고려됩니다. 각 토폴로지의 효율성을 비교하고 비용과 복잡성의 이점을 평가하기 위해 Matlab 시뮬레이션을 사용합니다. 버킹 및 부스트 컨버터가 주어진 비용에 대해 가장 효율적인 토폴로지로 나타나며, 버킹은 긴 그룹에 가장 적합하고 부스트는 짧은 그룹에 가장 적합합니다. 전압 범위에서 유연하지만, 버킷-부스트 및 크크 컨버터는 항상 효율성이나 비용에 대한 단점을 가지고 있습니다.

 

(1) Introduction

With an increasing worldwide interest in sustainable energy production and use, there is renewed focus on the power electronic converter interface for dc energy sources. Three specific examples of such dc energy sources that will have a role in distributed generation and sustainable energy systems are the photovoltaic (PV) panel [1], the fuel cell stack [2], and batteries of various chemistries [3].

 

지속 가능한 에너지 생산과 사용에 대한 전 세계적인 관심이 높아짐에 따라, DC 에너지원에 대한 전력 전자 컨버터 인터페이스에 대한 관심이 새롭게 집중되고 있습니다. 분산 발전 및 지속 가능한 에너지 시스템에서 역할을 할 세 가지 구체적인 DC 에너지원 예시는 태양광 패널 [1], 연료전지 스택 [2], 그리고 다양한 화학 구성의 배터리 [3]입니다.

 

(2) Series Connected PV Panels

These dc energy sources are all series and parallel con- nections of a basic “cell.” These cells all operate at a low dc voltage, ranging from less than 1 V (PV cell) to 3 or 4 V (Li–Ion cell). These low voltages do not interface well to existing higher power systems, so the cells are series connected to create a battery, a fuel cell stack, or a PV module or panel with a higher terminal voltage. (The term PV panel rather than PV module will be used in this paper to avoid confusion with the proposed attached power electronic modules.)

 

For example “12-V” PV panels have 36 solar cells with a maximum power point (MPP) of approximately 16–17 V under standard test conditions. These system voltages are appropriate for lower power systems, but beyond powers of a few hun- dred Watts (W), these panels themselves are placed in series strings to maintain lower currents and higher efficiencies. These long strings of panels (and hence cells) bring with them many complications.

 

PV panels in a string are never exactly identical. Because PV panels in a series string are constrained to all conduct the same current, the least efficient panel, and indeed cell, sets this string current. The overall efficiency of the array is reduced to the ef- ficiency of this cell. This also means that PV panels in a string must be given the same orientation and be of identical size.

 

A more profound problem occurs when even a single cell in the array is shaded. The photocurrent generated in a shaded cell may drop to perhaps 20% of the other cells. The shaded cell will be reverse biased by the remaining cells in the series string, but current will continue to flow through it causing large localized power dissipation. A diode around a group of 18 cells (half a 12-V panel) limits the reverse bias and hence the power dissipation in the shaded cell. However, all the power from that sub string is lost while current flows in the bypass diode [1].

 

Placing a dc–dc converter on each half-panel or panel sub- string, and then connecting these converters in series strings avoids many of these problems. This paper examines the ad- vantages, difficulties, and implementation issues of using a cas- caded converter connection for a series string of PV panels, or more generally dc energy sources. A proposed residential grid connected solar installation consisting of twelve 12-V 60-W PV panels is used where a specific example is helpful in developing the discussion.

 

이러한 DC 에너지원은 모두 기본적인 "셀"의 직렬 및 병렬 연결입니다. 이러한 셀은 모두 낮은 DC 전압에서 작동하며, 태양광(PV) 셀은 1 V 미만부터 리튬이온(Li-Ion) 셀은 3 또는 4 V까지 다양한 전압 범위를 가집니다. 이러한 낮은 전압은 기존의 높은 전력 시스템과 잘 연동되지 않기 때문에, 이러한 셀들은 직렬 연결되어 더 높은 단자 전압을 갖는 배터리, 연료전지 스택 또는 PV 모듈 또는 패널을 생성합니다. (이 논문에서는 제안된 전력 전자 모듈과의 혼동을 피하기 위해 PV 모듈 대신 PV 패널이라는 용어를 사용할 것입니다.)

예를 들어, "12-V" PV 패널은 표준 시험 조건에서 약 16-17 V의 최대 출력 점(MPP)을 가진 36개의 태양전지로 구성됩니다. 이러한 시스템 전압은 낮은 전력 시스템에 적합하지만, 수백 와트(W) 이상의 전력에서는 이러한 패널 자체도 낮은 전류와 높은 효율을 유지하기 위해 직렬 연결되어야 합니다. 이러한 패널의 긴 연속열 (그리고 따라서 셀들)은 여러 가지 복잡성을 동반합니다.

패널 연속열의 PV 패널들은 결코 정확히 동일하지 않습니다. 직렬 연결된 PV 패널들은 동일한 전류를 흐르게 하기 위해 제약이 있기 때문에, 가장 효율이 낮은 패널 및 셀이 이 전류를 결정합니다. 배열의 전체 효율은 이 셀의 효율과 같아집니다. 이는 또한 패널 연속열의 PV 패널들은 동일한 방향으로 설치되고 동일한 크기여야 한다는 것을 의미합니다.

배열 내에서 하나의 셀만 그림자에 노출되는 경우 더욱 심각한 문제가 발생합니다. 그림자에 노출된 셀에서 생성된 광전류는 다른 셀들의 약 20%로 감소할 수 있습니다. 그림자에 노출된 셀은 직렬 연결된 나머지 셀들에 의해 역방향 전압이 걸리지만, 전류는 여전히 흐르며 큰 지역적인 전력 소산을 유발합니다. 18개 셀 (12-V 패널의 절반) 주위에는 다이오드가 있어 역방향 전압 및 그림자에 노출된 셀에서의 전력 소산을 제한합니다. 그러나 해당 서브 연속열에서 전류가 우회 다이오드를 통해 흐를 때 그 서브 연속열의 모든 전력이 손실됩니다 [1].

각 반패널 또는 패널 서브 연속열에 DC-DC 컨버터를 배치하고 이러한 컨버터를 직렬 연결된 연속열로 연결하는 것은 이러한 문제들을 해결하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 이 논문은 PV 패널 연속열 또는 보다 일반적인 DC 에너지원에 대한 cascaded 컨버터 연결의 장점, 어려움 및 구현 문제를 조사합니다. 토론을 발전시키는 데 도움이 되는 구체적인 예제로 12-V 60-W PV 패널 12개로 구성된 주거용 그리드 연결 태양광 설치가 사용됩니다.

 

(3) Converter Interface of PV panels

In grid-connected inverters for PV applications, a number of different approaches have been developed and used over the last 20 years. An excellent review of such systems available in Eu- rope is given in [4]. Only the two more common approaches used in smaller residential scale installations (1–3 kW) are com- pared here (see Fig. 1).

 

지난 20년 동안 PV 응용 프로그램을 위한 그리드 연결 인버터에는 여러 가지 다른 접근 방식이 개발되고 사용되었습니다. 유럽에서 이러한 시스템에 대한 우수한 검토는 [4]에서 제공됩니다. 여기에서는 작은 주거용 설치(1-3 kW)에서 사용되는 두 가지 일반적인 접근 방식만 비교합니다 (그림 1 참조).

A. Single DC String, Single DC-AC Inverter

In a residential system of say 2 kW or less, all the PV panels on the rooftop can be connected electrically in series, to create a high voltage low current dc source. This source is connected to a single dc–ac inverter within the roof or house. The ac then runs to the residential switchboard.

 

2 kW 또는 그 이하의 주거용 시스템에서는 지붕 위의 모든 PV 패널을 직렬로 전기적으로 연결하여 고전압 저전류 DC 원천을 생성할 수 있습니다. 이 원천은 지붕이나 집 내부에 단일 DC-AC 인버터에 연결됩니다. 그런 다음 AC는 주거용 스위치보드로 전달됩니다.

 

B. Individual DC–AC Inverters per Panel (Module Integrated Converters)

In this more recent approach, each PV panel has its own dc–ac inverter, mounted at the panel on the rooftop. A 240-V ac con- nection from the switchboard runs to the rooftop, and loops from inverter to inverter, panel to panel. Each panel is now effectively placed in parallel, via its own dedicated inverter.

 

To be small, light and low cost, module-integrated converters generally use high frequency switch mode techniques. To effi- ciently convert the panel’s low dc voltage to the 240-V ac grid voltage they invariably require a transformer isolated converter. Most approaches rectify to a high voltage dc bus which is fol- lowed by an ac inversion stage and line side filtering.

 

이 최근의 접근 방식에서는 각 PV 패널이 자체 DC-AC 인버터를 갖고 지붕 위의 패널에 장착됩니다. 스위치보드에서 240V AC 연결이 지붕으로 이어지고, 인버터에서 인버터로, 패널에서 패널로 루프를 형성합니다. 각 패널은 이제 각자 전용 인버터를 통해 효과적으로 병렬로 연결됩니다.

작고 가벼우며 저렴하기 위해 모듈 통합 컨버터는 일반적으로 고주파 스위치 모드 기술을 사용합니다. 패널의 낮은 DC 전압을 240V AC 그리드 전압으로 효율적으로 변환하기 위해 변압기 격리형 컨버터가 필요합니다. 대부분의 접근 방식은 높은 전압 DC 버스로 정류하고, AC 역변환 단계와 라인 측 필터링이 이어집니다.

 

C. Multi-Converter StringsPanel Integrated DCDC, String DCDC

The approach proposed in this paper combines aspects of these two approaches. Every panel has its own converter, but these converters are dcdc converters, and the panels with their associated converters are still placed in series to form a dc string. A single dcac inverter is then required to connect to the grid. This intermediate solution is argued to combine the best features of the two existing approaches presented.

본 논문에서 제안된 접근 방식은 이러한 두 가지 접근 방식의 측면을 결합합니다. 각 패널은 자체 컨버터를 갖지만, 이러한 컨버터는 DC-DC 컨버터이며, 패널과 관련된 컨버터는 여전히 직렬로 배치되어 DC 스트링을 형성합니다. 그런 다음 단일 DC-AC 인버터가 그리드에 연결되어야 합니다. 이 중간 솔루션은 두 가지 기존 접근 방식의 가장 좋은 특징을 결합한다고 주장됩니다.